Mass Media Influence on the Society Proposal Essay

Over the most recent 50 years, the impact of the media on the general public has developed exponentially with the development of innovation. Broad communications is a significant power in present day culture, especially in America. All parcel of times they allude to this as an interceded culture where media reflects and makes the way of life. On the off chance that you look before, first there was the post workplaces and message, and afterward they construct the radio, paper and magazines, later TV and now web. Broad communications is about correspondence whether spoken, composed or communicate that contacts a huge crowd. This incorporates motion pictures, magazines, radio, TV, publicizing, the web, etc. Be that as it may, how is broad communications impacting our general public. This inquiry is the thing that drives me to composing this proposition. To do this exploration I will utilize Internet, digital books and different inquires about done on this point to truly comprehend this subject and dependent on the aftereffect of my investigation I will introduce my discoveries and end on the inquiries. Peruse more:Â Essay About Media Influences on Society Research Question How is broad communications impacting our general public? Sub Questions: 1. How does broad communications impact work? 2. What are the impacts of media? 3. What sort of effect does broad communications have on our childhood? Presentation If you make an inquiry or two a large portion of the individuals will reveal to you that media is truly impacting individuals. Be that as it may, how is broad communications truly impacting our method of living. Before examining the impact of broad communications on society it is critical to bring up the 3 fundamental elements of broad communications. The fundamental capacity of media is to give amusement, instruction and news/data. The most significant capacity of media is to give news and data to the majority. That is the reason the current time is known as the data age. Individuals need news or data for various reasons, on one hand it tends to be utilized to mingle and on the other to settle on choices and define conclusions. Diversion would be the other capacity where it is for the most part used to entertain in present day riotous condition. Teaching the majority about their privileges, good, social and strict commitments is another significant capacity of broad communications. Because of globalization an enormous number of individuals rely upon correspondence and data to remain associated with the world and their day by day exercises like training, work, human services, socialization and travel. On the off chance that you take a gander at a typical individual the person in question gets up every morning and checks paper or TV news which the individual in question utilizes for basing their choices.

Latinos and their History in the United States

Albeit inexactly joined by a typical legacy as local Spanish speakers from the Americas or their relatives, the various Latino gatherings in the United States are ethnically, racially, and socio-financially heterogeneous; every Latino subgroup speaking to an unmistakable culture and land region of the Americas. Utilizing the terms â€Å"Latino† and the more official â€Å"Hispanic,† which the U.S. Enumeration Bureau embraced in 1970, to depict the way of life of people groups from Mexico and the nations of Central and South America and the Caribbean is hazardous in a few respects.The term â€Å"Hispanic† is dismissed by numerous creators as excessively reductive in its relationship with Spain and Spanish culture, in this way overlooking the indigenous and African legacy of numerous Latin American and Caribbean individuals. The term â€Å"Latino,† put together more impartially with respect to a character shared using language, is seen as progressively valua ble, if still an unsuitable name. â€Å"Chicano† and â€Å"Nuyorican,† later terms, are once in a while exchangeable with â€Å"Mexican American† and â€Å"Mainland Puerto Rican,† in spite of the fact that the previous specifically mirrors a political articulation of ethnic pride and the last is presently geologically limiting.The qualifications between these terms, considerably in the wake of being plot, stay much of the time vague.â Indeed, even the US Census neglects to make exact and authoritative definitions:People who relate to the terms â€Å"Hispanic† or â€Å"Latino† are the individuals who order themselves in one of the particular Hispanic or Latino classifications recorded on the questionnaireâ€â€ Mexican,† â€Å"Puerto Rican,† or â€Å"Cuban†Ã¢â‚¬as well as the individuals who demonstrate that they are â€Å"other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino.† Origin can be seen as the legacy, nationality gath ering, genealogy, or nation of birth of the individual or the individual's folks or predecessors before their appearance in the United States. Individuals who distinguish their starting point as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino might be of any race.â (US Census, Subject Definitions, 2000)Current statusToday the Latino nearness has risen, as a reality of American life †this assorted gathering has gone to the United States and themselves become â€Å"Americans.† truth be told, Latinos involve the biggest minority in the US today as indicated by US Census considers. Besides, their information shows that â€Å"the assessed Hispanic populace of the United States starting at July 1, 2005 [was 42.7 million] creation individuals of Hispanic beginning the nation’s biggest ethnic or race minority. Hispanics established 14% of the nation’s all out population†Even today, this gathering keeps on suffering obstructions of bigotry in open arrangement and wide spread separation in the US. Being assembled has caused the circumstance for a significant number of what to can freely be viewed as Latino sub-bunches both testing and difficult.â From the counter Cuban assessment in Florida to the counter Mexican divider that has been proposed by President Bush, in spite of being the biggest minority bunch in the US, these kinds of episodes and approaches guarantee that they stay only that †in the minority.FutureAs the following U.S.- conceived ages of Latinos grow up, the hindrances and agony of fundamental prejudice could be assaulted more openly.â Many youngsters will begin to straightforwardly dismiss the suspicions and speculations that propagate generalizations and keep Latino individuals in the grasp of racism.Historically, in the composed quest for social liberties and fairness in the United States dark Americans have for the most part driven the way. Since in any event the mid 1900s they have constrained the section of all major soci al equality laws and most of the essential official requests and court choices securing or expanding antidiscrimination endeavors. Latinos just as Native and Asian Americans have had the option to utilize these social equality components to battle oppression their own gatherings, and this will probably proceed in the future.Census information shows that in 2004, 21.9% of Latino individuals in the US were living in neediness and a further 32.7% needed sufficient wellbeing insurance.â Yet on the other hand, similar examinations show that there were1.6 million organizations possessed by Latino individuals in 2002 and that from 1997 to 2002, the pace of development for organizations claimed by Latino individuals was 31% contrasted with the national normal of 10%. As per 2004 information, 2.7 million Latinos beyond 18 a years old at in case a bachelor’s degree.â This implies things could well be moving in the privilege direction.â Education and business sharp could well over come the impacts of destitution and poor clinical consideration. While these individuals keep on encountering bigotry and ethnic generalizing, there is a fundamental soul of constancy that props them up and will no uncertainty make ready for a more splendid future.ReferencesAgosà ­n Marjorie. â€Å"Literature.† Latinas of the Americas. Ed. K. Lynn Stoner. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000.Everett C. Ladd, â€Å"Moving to an America past Race,† The Public Perspective 7 (February/March 2003)Harry J. Brill, Why Organizers Fail ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).John H. Bunzel, â€Å"Words that Smear, Like ‘Racism,’ Provoke Polarization,† San Francisco Chronicle, July 26, 2000U.S. Statistics Bureau. Hispanic Americans By the Numbers. Recovered November 15, 2006 from http://www.infoplease.com/spot/hhmcensus1.htmlUS Census Bureau. Hispanic Population of the United States. Recovered November 15, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/populace/www/so cdemo/hispanic.html

Success by Numbers Statistics Tutoring

Whether you’re studying for the AP statistics exam or taking an AP course in statistics, a  statistics tutor can be very helpful. A good tutor can make this challenging subject more accessible to you. Naturally, when you sign up to work with a tutor, you want to benefit from each and every session. When you come prepared and pick a qualified tutor, it’s much easier to make the most of your time spent with a tutor for statistics. Bring a List of Questions As you study for an Advanced Placement course or prepare to take the AP statistics test, you’re likely to encounter questions about the reading material. One of the best things about having a tutor in statistics is you can ask a lot of questions and get satisfactory answers, so bring a list of questions to each tutoring session to get the answers you need to progress in your studies. Sometimes asking a pointed question about a lesson or a chapter in a statistics textbook can open the doors to a new understanding of a topic. Complete Practice Problems Each Session You can memorize facts about statistics, but you need to know how to apply that information on a test or a homework assignment. During a statistics tutoring session, you can get all of the practice you need under the guidance of an expert instructor. As you complete statistics problems and exercises, you can get tips from your tutor on how to solve these problems more efficiently. This individual attention can prepare you for tackling many forms of statistics problems. Get Note-Taking Tips If you are getting tutoring to help you perform better in a course, you may want to garner some note-taking tips from your instructor. An experienced tutor can show you how to take class notes while paying close attention to the lecturer. Also, your tutor can help you to filter out incidental information and take down facts that may appear on a test. Your tutor may even be able to offer some shortcuts that can reduce the amount of time you spend reading textbook chapters. In short, your tutor can offer you tips that will prove helpful to you later on when it’s time to review. Learn Test-Taking Strategies Learning test-taking strategies from your tutor can help you to perform better in a statistics class or on the AP statistics test. At Veritas Prep, our statistics tutors can provide you with valuable strategies that you can use on a test. For example, a tutor can guide you on how to spot answer options on a multiple-choice test that are obviously incorrect. Crossing these answer options out can make any problem appear more manageable. Also, your tutor can show you how to pinpoint the most important parts of a statistics question. This can be especially helpful if the question includes lots of details. Often, the strategies you learn during a tutoring session can help you to feel more confident in your test-taking abilities. Ask for Practical Tips Tutors for statistics who have taken the AP statistics test or completed an AP statistics course can offer tips that they learned along the way. For instance, an experienced tutor may advise you to look over all of the questions on a statistics test before starting work on the ones that you feel most comfortable with. This can give you confidence as you move on to more challenging questions. Another example of a practical tip provided by a tutor is to write out all of the steps leading to your answer. This allows you to look back at your work to see where you went wrong if the answer you arrived at is not included in the options given. It’s no coincidence that our skillful tutors are experts in the subjects they teach. This means that when you receive tutoring for statistics from us, you’re learning from someone who thoroughly understands this discipline. You’re sure to benefit in a big way when you sign up for statistics tutoring sessions with a Veritas Prep instructor. We make getting help easy by offering you a variety of tutoring options, including online instruction. Call us or send an email to learn how to partner with a professional statistics tutor today!

The Problem Of Homeless Youth - 1372 Words

LGBT homeless people have been suffering for a substantial amount of time, and it seems as if not many people are aware of this issue. When people think about homeless people they usually do not think about their sexual orientation. But, little do people know that there are many homeless youths that are either lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender. Yes, many reasons play into why a youth could be without a roof over his or her head and the sad part of this issue is that one of many reasons. Parents disagree with their child’s sexual orientation and disown them by kicking them out of the house or it could be that it is a runaway youth that is not willing to come out of the closet. Whatever the reason is, we as a society must further understand what goes into play about a homeless youth. The numbers are beyond high, for the population of homeless youth. The number is close to half a million and will soon pass the halfway point Keuroghlian, A. S., Shtasel, D., Bassuk, E. L. (20 14). Being a homeless youth certainly comes with disadvantages to one’s health. Without the resources provided of not being homeless the health can quickly become a great problem in the day to day struggle of living on the street. Not only has the individual has to be worried what they are going to eat, but medicine or support from loved ones cannot be obtained or reached from the loss of contact. What has been an easy task for successfully recovering from health is now a battle between life andShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Homeless Youth834 Words   |  4 Pages Theoretical Framework Homeless Youth 11/1/2014 Ken Dix Homeless youth are a standout amongst the most underestimated gatherings in our general public. Numerous specialists recognize much more elevated amounts of different issue practices among these adolescent contrasted with their non-homeless associates. The current study analyzed the utility of social capital in foreseeing issue practices among homeless youth. Homelessness is portrayed as circumstances of people or family units withoutRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless Youth1920 Words   |  8 PagesHomeless means by definition, an individual who lacks housing, and a resident that lives in transitional housing. A homeless person is a person who lives in a shelter, in their car or on the streets. Being homeless is to live without permanent housing (Edidin, Ganim, Hunter, Karnik, 2012, para. 2). To live in poverty means different things: living without being able to buy and have the things society expects you to have, living without food, clothing, electricity, and transportation. The ProblemRead MoreThe Social Problems Facing Homeless Youth2038 Words   |  9 PagesThe homeless youth demographic continues to endure difficult circumstances and encounter a variety of social problems, leading to their increased vulnerability in our communities. The social problems facing homeless youth vary from external and internal barriers. Some notable external barriers are being uninsured for proper health care, not having parental permission and therefore being denied access to services (Esparza, 2009). Along with, dealing with prejudice, lack of respect, and transportationRead MoreProblems Associated With Chinese Australian And Homeless Australian Youths Community And The Strategies Overcoming Those Risks2025 Words   |  9 Pagesand ethnic groups, this case study highlights the aspects determining the health and its risks in Chinese-Australian and Homeless-Australian youths’ community and the strategies overcoming those risks. It reviews the literature on the s ocial determinants causing health risks in the specific cultural groups and suggests the best possible approaches dealing with the health problems associated with them. Chinese-Australian groups Chinese population forms a major part of non-EnglishRead MoreHomeless Youth Of The 20th Century Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesHomeless Youth in the 20th Century There is an inaccurate count of the number of homeless youth individuals are currently in America. They only account for those who are in the shelter’s system, which is a small portion of the total population of homeless youth. One report estimated that only one in twelve homeless youth ever come into contact with the shelter system (Somllar, 1999). The main focus is on â€Å"street youth† who are still on the streets with no home, and no adult guidance. The downfallRead MoreHomeless Teenagers: A Vulnerable Population951 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Homeless Teenagers: Vulnerable Population Introduction Homeless teenagers are a vulnerable population that faces many challenges just in terms of daily existence in addition to their overall development in the transitioning to adulthood. Current studies are reported to indicate that the primary cause of homeless among youth is family dysfunction in the form of parental neglect, physical or sexual abuse, family substance abuse, and family violence. (Runway Homeless Youth and Relationship ToolkitRead MoreHomelessness And The Homeless Youth1442 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a major problem in the United States. An incredibly vulnerable group is the homeless youth due to their young age and lack of education. According to Edidin, Ganim, Hunter, Karnik (2012) on any particular night in the United States there are ~2 million homeless youth living on the streets, in shelters, or in other temporary accommodation. Youth become homeless for multiple reasons whether it be because they have aged out of foster care, ran from home, were kic ked out of their homeRead MoreHomelessness Persuasive Speech1217 Words   |  5 Pagesto one area, but it is a worldwide problem. Homelessness can result by depending upon a countries economy, and their government because the officials often ignores the issue. Manila, Philippines has 22.8 million who reside in the slums, and 1.2 million of those people are children who live by peddling, or begging on the streets, (Castillo). The Philippines is not the only country that has many homeless children that beg to live or peddle. The number of homeless children in the world is unnaturalRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on the Overall Self-Esteem of Homeless Youth1476 Words   |  6 PagesYet, children, those under 18 years of age, are generally not associated with the homeless status as they are invisible, not seen by the general public with their homeless counterparts taking up residence in make-shift housing. Nonetheless, there is a large percent of youth who meet the guidelines fo r being deemed homeless. The website, findyouthinfo.gov, says the U.S Department of Education defines a homeless youth as one whom: Lacks a fixed, regular, and nighttime residence or an individual whoRead MoreEssay On Homeless Programs838 Words   |  4 Pagescannot maintain their operation without sufficient funding. However, increased funding for homeless programs can slightly reduce homelessness. In â€Å"Does Increased Funding for Homeless Programs Reduce Chronic Homelessness?†, Shawn Moulton estimates a â€Å"fixed-effects model† to examines the effect of new federal homeless funding on homelessness. The data from Moulton’s estimate implies that increased funding for homeless programs can decrease homelessness, and the data also indicates that the â€Å"first-year cost

Hitler s Influence On The World War II - 1690 Words

Adolf Hitler was a very impressive man in some people’s eyes, but his life took one major roller coaster before he gained the power that he had. As a young child Hitler seemed to not want to join the military, but once he, did he found a path leading to his future. Hitler worked his way through the war and seemed to start gaining power. Once Hitler was at the top, he started to terminate people by sending them to concentration camps scattered around the country, quickly killing thousands. Hitler’s great power, massive number of soldiers, and unwillingly hate for the Jewish race, caused one of the biggest world crisis’s throughout the world war’s. The people of Poland and many surrounding countries seemed scared of Hitler’s great power, but†¦show more content†¦As Hitler s life got more attention â€Å"he ran for president against three other candidates†(Gottfried, Ted). Hitler gained a lot of support for running, and he knew that he had the Nazis behind him. Once Hitler came into some real power, Hitler’s â€Å"final solution† was underway and no one could stop him. One of the main factors in Hitler’s rise to power was the Economic Depression of 1929. â€Å"After the Wall Street crash, the U.S. called in its loans to Germany, which increased both poverty and unemployment levels†. The government did not know how to change this situation, this made the public angry knowing they had no real solutions. During the depression, political trends become extremist and so the Nazis flourished, Hitler offered himself as a strong leader to look up to. â€Å"The depression gave Hitler the edge he needed to gain ninety-five seats in the Reichstag and ultimately progress from the leader of a minority party to the Dictator of the Third Reich†. Once Hitler showed how he could gain more power than he needed, he used some of his techniques to scare the people into doing something they did not really want to do. Hitler was a very smart man, who could see around the world and find problems in another country that he can use to aid himself in a m ore powerful direction. Hitler was starting to gain a lot of power, and was becoming stronger and stronger, it seems as if no one knew the best way to stop him. â€Å"On January 30, 1933, Hitler

Computer Hardware free essay sample

As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of Operating Systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer Operating Systems will fall into more than one of the below categories. GUI Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See our GUI dictionary definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. System 7. x Windows 98 Windows CE Multi-user A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user Operating Systems. Linux UNIX Windows 2000 Multiprocessing An Operating System capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Hardware or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Below are some examples of multiprocessing Operating Systems. Linux UNIX Windows 2000 Multitasking An Operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking Operating Systems. UNIX Windows 2000 Multithreading Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux UNIX Windows 2000 Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computers various capabilities, but does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. A simple, if imperfect, analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light an application to an electric power generation plant the system. The power plant merely generates electricity, itself not really of any use until harnessed to an application like the electric light which performs a service that the user desires. Typical examples of software application are word processors, spreadsheets and media players. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office, which bundles together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, is a typical example. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate word processor application. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or Microwave oven. List of software applications Some examples of application software include: accounting packages collaborative software compilers and interpreters computer games cryptography database Educational Software e-mail graphics program spreadsheet text editor web browser web server word processor 6 years agoReport Abuse 0% 0 Votes 1 person rated this as good key operating software is the middle man that acts as an interpreter for application software it talks to the hardware and controls it on behalf of application software. thats the best summary i recall that helps relate it to the real world for people that dont get computers 6 years agoReport Abuse 0% 0 Votes freq. e. t simple, an application runs inside an operating system, normally a computer will have 1 operating system (win dows, unix etc) every other thing (notepad, media player, games, email etc) are application software 6 years ago Personal computer hardware are component devices which are typically installed into or peripheral to a computer caseto create a personal computer upon which system software is installed including a firmware interface such as a BIOS and anoperating system supporting application software that performs the operators desired functions. Operating systems usually communicate with devices through hardware buses by using software device drivers. Contents [hide] 1 Motherboard 2 Power supply 3 Removable media devices 4 Secondary storage 5 Sound card 6 Input and output peripherals 6. 1 Input 6. 2 Output 7 Obsolete Devices 8 See also References [edit]Motherboard Main article: Motherboard The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Components directly attached to the motherboard include: The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer. It is usuallycooled by a heat sink and fan. Newer CPUs include an on-die Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The Chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory. The RAM (Random-access Memory) stores resident part of the current running OS (OS core and so on) and all running processes (application parts, using CPU or input/output (I/O) channels or waiting for CPU or I/O channels). The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management. The tasks are handled by operating system drivers. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS. The ROM (Read-only Memory) stores the initial program that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution (Bootstrapping also known as booting or booting up). Usually stores the BIOS or UEFI. Internal buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound. Current The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics, lannd and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces PCI, for other expansion cards SATA, for disk drives ATA Obsolete AGP (superseded by PCI Express) ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers) External bus controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus. USB Memory Card FireWire eSATA SCSI [edit]Power supply Main article: Power supply unit (computer) Inside a custom-built computer: the power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan. A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer.

Process data shows Essay Example

Process data shows Essay A 0. 60 um film of silicon dioxide is to be etched with a buffered oxide etchant of etch rate 750 A min-1. Process data shows that the thickness may vary up to 10% and the etch rate may vary up to 15%. The maximum possible thickness of the silicon dioxide film is therefore 110% of its nominal value. Therefore, the maximum possible thickness of the silicon dioxide film can be determined through the following calculation: where zmax is the maximum possible thickness of the silicon dioxide film and znominal is the nominal thickness of the silicon dioxide film. Therefore, znominal = 0.  60 um. Any number expressed as a percentage can alternatively be expressed as a decimal. For example, 110% can be expressed as 1. 1. Using this decimal format, the above formula can be rewritten in the following manner: Substituting our previously determined value for znominal into the above formula yields: with significant figures applied Similarly, the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant is 85% of its nominal value. Therefore, the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant can be determined through the following calculation: Where rmin is the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant and rnominal is the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant. Therefore, rnominal = 750 A min-1. Using the conversion factors 1 A = 10-10 m and 1 um = 10-6 m, rnominal can be converted to um min-1 in the following manner: with significant figures applied As was demonstrated above, this percentage value can alternatively be expressed as a decimal. Therefore, 85% can be expressed as 0. 85. Using this decimal format, the above formula can be rewritten in the following manner: We will write a custom essay sample on Process data shows specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Process data shows specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Process data shows specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Substituting our previously determined value for rnominal into the above formula yields: with significant figures applied I have completed this question with the assumption that the etching process is perfect, with no overetching or underetching. This implies that the time required to complete the etching process is exactly the time required for the buffered oxide etchant to etch to the interface between the silicon dioxide layer and the substrate. I have also completed this question with the assumption that the buffered oxide etchant is a wet etchant, and that it etches isotropically. The slide entitled Isotropic Wet Etching and Feature Size in section 5 of the notes states the time required for a perfect etch using a wet etchant, with no overetching or underetching. This time is given in the following formula: where z is the thickness of the film, r is the etch rate of the etchant and ? is the time required for a perfect etch, with no overetching or underetching. The thickness of our silicon dioxide film may vary up to 10% and the etch rate of our buffered oxide etchant may vary up to 15%. Therefore, the time required to complete the etching process may also vary. From the above equation for ? , we can see that the maximum possible time required to complete the etching process occurs when z is maximized and r is minimized. Therefore, we can slightly modify the above equation for ? to represent the maximum possible time required to complete the etching process: where ? max is the maximum possible time required to complete the etching process, with no overetching or underetching. Substituting our previously determined values for zmax and rmin into the above formula yields: with significant figures applied Therefore. Max represents the maximum possible time required to complete the etching process, with no overetching or underetching. b). I have completed this question with the assumption that the buffered oxide etchant is a wet etchant, and that it etches isotropically. For an isotropic wet etching process, undercutting will occur at the top of the silicon dioxide layer. The slide entitled Isotropic Wet Etching and Feature Size in section 5 of the notes states the amount of undercutting that would occur at the top of the silicon dioxide layer for a perfect etch, with no overetching or underetching. Since the etchant is isotropic, it must etch equally in all directions. Additionally, the etchant is always in contact with the top of the silicon dioxide layer during the etching process. Therefore, it etches horizontally along the top of the silicon dioxide layer for the entire time for which the etching process occurs. Therefore, the length of the undercut that is generated at the top of the silicon dioxide layer is simply equal to the etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant multiplied by the time of the etching process. Mathematically, Where xundercut is the length of the undercut that is generated at the top of the silicon dioxide layer. I have completed question 6-1-a with the assumption that we are etching for the maximum possible time required to complete the etching process. As a result, whatever variations in film thickness or etch rate may occur, the film of silicon dioxide will be fully etched through. The maximum undercut will be generated if the buffered oxide etchant etches at its maximum possible rate. The maximum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant is 115% of its nominal value. Therefore, the maximum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant can be determined through the following calculation: where rmax is the maximum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant and rnominal is the nominal etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant. Therefore, rnominal = 750 A min-1. Using the conversion factors 1 A = 10-10 m and 1 um = 10-6 m, rnominal can be converted to um min-1 in the following manner: with significant figures applied As was demonstrated above, this percentage value can alternatively be expressed as a decimal. Therefore, 115% can be expressed as 1. 15. Using this decimal format, the above formula can be rewritten in the following manner: Substituting our previously determined value for rnominal into the above formula yields: with significant figures applied the above equation for xundercut can be modified slightly to yield the length of the undercut that is generated at the top of the silicon dioxide layer after the maximum possible etch time and with the maximum possible etch rate. Mathematically, where xundercut_max is the length of the undercut that is generated at the top of the silicon dioxide layer after the maximum possible etch time and with the maximum possible etch rate. Substituting our previously determined values for rmax and ? max into the above equation yields: with significant figures applied The minimum undercut will be generated if the buffered oxide etchant etches at its minimum possible rate. The minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant is 85% of its nominal value. Therefore, the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant can be determined through the following calculation: where rmin is the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant and rnominal is the nominal etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant.